A three-part speech formula borrowed from Aristotle

Executive overview

Most people fear public speaking because they lack a clear structure before they start. Intent, obstacle, plan is a three-part formula — drawn from Aaron Sorkin and ultimately Aristotle's Poetics — that frames any speech or meeting opening in a way audiences can follow.

State what you want, what blocks it, and how you'll overcome it. Close with a result or climactic scene showing what success looks like.

The formula works because it mirrors the ancient rules of drama, which haven't changed in 2,500 years.

The three-part formula

• Intent: the goal you want the audience to move toward (e.g. double fourth-quarter revenue)
• Obstacle: the specific barrier standing in the way
• Plan: the steps to overcome the obstacle — your numbered actions
• Close every speech or section with a result: a vivid picture of what success looks like
• Repeat intent → obstacle → plan for each point; limit to three points per speech

Preparing and delivering the speech

• Define intent and obstacle clearly before you open your mouth
• Script the first five minutes — it's when nerves peak
• A laugh from the audience early settles nerves fast
• Write "Intent / Obstacle / Plan / Result" on a notepad as your outline
• Practice the formula in low-stakes settings: frame a dinner conversation the same way